Bechtold: The Link Controversy Page

This page will no longer be updated. For some background, see here.

The frozen Link Controversy Page
by Stefan Bechtold
January 1997 - July 2004

Index

Overview
Legal Articles
Cases
Technical Solutions
New Technical Developments
Link License Agreements
Hyperlink Patents
Hyperlink History
Hypertext Theory
Links to Other Pages

Overview

The Link Controversy Page is intended to provide an overview of the legal problems of using hyperlinks, inline images and frames on the WWW. Right now, this page covers problems in the area of copyright, trademark, trespass law as well as unfair competition law.

Legal Articles

These flags just indicate the language in which the papers are written (i.e. a paper under the French flag can deal with Canadian law etc.).

Norderhaug/Oberding: Designing a Web of Intellectual Property, 1995 Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 27 (6), pp. 1037-1046, pp. 1042-1043 (formerly available at http://www.ifi.uio.no/~terjen/pub/webip/950220.html)
Loundy: Revising the Copyright Law for Electronic Publishing, 14 John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law 1 (1995)
Oppedahl: WebLaw FAQ
BitLaw: Internet Law: Linking, 1996
Greenstone: The Weak Link, 1997
EFFector 10.04, March 1997
Raysman/Brown: Dangerous Liaisons: The Legal Risks of Linking Web Sites, N.Y. Law Journal, April 8 1997
Gahtan: Inappropriate Use of Frames May Constitute Infringement, Cyberspace Lawyer, April 1997, pp. 2-4
Hartnick: 'Framing': Internet Equivalent of Pirating?, N.Y. Law Journal, April 4, 11 1997
Berners-Lee: Links and Law, Myths about Links, April 1997
Jackson: Linking Copyright to Homepages, 49 Fed. Comm. L.J. 731-759 (1997)
Freeling/Levi: Frame Liability Clouds the Internet's Future, N.Y. Law Journal, May 19 1997
Reed: Copyright in WWW Pages - News from Shetland Copyright in Links to WWW Pages, CLSR 1997, 167-175
ABA Subcommitteeon Interactive Services: Web-linking Agreement, May 1997
Templeton: Linking Rights, May 1997
Madoff: Freedom to Link Under Attack, N.Y. Law Journal, June 23 1997
Sampson: Hyperlink at Your Own Risk, N.Y. Law Journal, June 24 1997
Weiss: Metasites Linked To IP Violations, National Law Journal, July 21 1997, p. B09
Lean: Trapping the Web, July 1997
Post: Link to Liability, The American Lawyer, July/August 1997
Kuester/Nieves: What's all the hype about hyperlinking?, September 1997
Cavazos/Miles: "Potential Linking Liability on the World Wide Web", Buff. L. Rev. Vol. 45 No. 2 (scheduled publication date: August/September 1997)
Elgison/Jordan: Trademark Cases Arise From Meta-Tags, Frames, National Law Journal, October 20 1997
Scheinfeld/Bagley: Emerging Issues on the Internet, N. Y. Law Journal, November 26 1997
Lemley: Dealing with Operlapping Copyrights on the Internet, 22 University of Dayton Law Review 548-585, 565 (1997)
Lundqvist: Swedish Copyright and Trademark Law and the Use of Hyperlinks. University of Uppsala, 1997
Kuester/Nieves: Hyperlinks: A Form of Protected Expression?, National Law Journal, January 26 1998, p. C10
Stangret: The legalities of linking on the World Wide Web, Communications Law, Vol. 2, No. 6, 1997
Gentzschein: Internet Links - Legal Implications, Sweden 1997
Hardy: Computer RAM "Copies": Hit or Myth?, 22 U. Dayton L. Rev. 449 (1997)
Cavazos/Miles: Copyright on the WWW: Linking and Liability, 4 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 3, (Winter 1997)
O'Rourke: Fencing Cyberspace: Drawing Borders in A Virtual World, 82 Minn. L. Rev. 609 (1998)
O'Rourke: Legal Issues on the Internet, D-Lib Magazine April 1998 (abstract of the Minn. L. Rev. article)
Kuester/Nieves: Hyperlinks, Frames and Meta-Tags, 38 IDEA: J.L. & Tech. 243 (1998)
Panel Discussion: Link Law on the Internet, 38 IDEA 197 (1998)
Mirchin: Hypertext Liability, NFAIS Newsletter, February 1998
Effross: Withdrawal of the Reference: Rights, Rules, and Remedies for Unwelcomed Web-Linking, 49 S.C. L. Rev. 652 (1998)
Burk: Proprietary Rights in Hypertext Linkages 1998 (2) JILT
Connolly/Cameron: Fair Dealing in Webbed Links of Shetland Yarns, 1998 (2) JILT
Beal: The Potential Liability of Linking on the Internet: An Examination of Possible Legal Solutions, 1998 BYU L. Rev. 703
Hillis: Thinking about Linking, April 1998
Eheerou: Linking To Trouble: Legal Liability Emenating from Hyperlinks on the World Wide Web, The Journal of Proprietory Rights, Vol. 10, Nr. 2 (1998), pp. 2-6
Walton: Legal Elements of Design: Linking, Framing and Meta Tags, 1998
Wassom: Copyright Implications of Unconventional Linking on the WWW: Framing, Deep Linking and Inlining, 49 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 181-256 (1998)
Rockower: Spamming, Linking Framing, Metatagging, Stealthing, and other moral Sins - or Are They?, 2 (6) Journal of Internet Law, 1-9 (1998)
Grossman/Rigamonti: Internet Basics and Copyright Law, 1 (12) J. of Internet Law 1, 7-11 (1998)
Morris: Be Careful to Whom You Link: How the Internet Practices of Hyperlinking and Framing Pose New Challenges to Established Trademark and Copyright Law, 30 Rutgers L.J. 247 (1998)
Fisher: Property and Contract on the Internet, 73 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1203, 1227-1230 (1998)
Jakab: Framing Technology and Link Liability, 19 Pace L. Rev. 23-35 (1998)
Hardy: Project Looking Forward - Sketching the Future of Copyright in a Networked World, pp. 171-178, May 1998
Donahey: Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace, Vol. 2, No. 6 Journal of Internet Law 25 (December 1998), Vol. 2, No. 7 Journal of Internet Law 5 (January 1999)
Reed: Controlling World Wide Web Links: Property Rights, Access Rights and Unfair Competition, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1998)
Nathenson: Internet Infoglut and Invisible Ink: Spamdexing Search Enginges with Meta Tags, 12 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 43 (1998)
Burmeister: Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, Copyright, and the Internet: Protection against Framing within an International Setting, 9 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 625-723 (1999)
Sableman: Link Law: The Emerging Law of Internet Hyperlinks, 4 Communications Law & Policy pp. 557-601 (Autumn 1999)
Echerou: Linking To Trouble: Legal Liability Emanating from Hyperlinks on the World Wide Web, The Journal of Proprietory Rights, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1998), pp. 2-6
Tucker: Information Superhighway Robbery: The Tortious Misuse of Links, Frames, Metatags, and Domain Names, 4 Va. J.L. & Tech. 8 (1999)
Lisby: Framing as an Unauthorized Derivative Work, 1999
Morrisson: Hijack on the road to Xanadu: The Infingement of Copyright in HTML Documents via Networked Computers and the Legitimacy of Browsing Hypermedia Documents, 1999
Stuckey: Internet and Online Law (1996-), pp. 6-58 to 6-61
Roarty: Link Liability - the Argument for Inline Links and Frams as Infringements of the Copyright Display Right, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 1011-1058 (1999)
Clark: What a Tangled Web We Weave, When First We Practice to Deceive": Frames, Hyperlinks, Metatags, and Unfair Competition on the World Wide Web, 50 Hastings L.J. 1333-1358 (1999)
Gatewood, Click Here: Web Links, Trademarks and the First Amendment, 5 Rich. J. L. & Tech. 12, (Spring 1999)
Chancey: Meta-Tags and Hypertext Deep Linking: How the Essential Components of Web-Authoring and Internet Guidance Are Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights on the World Wide Web, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 203-235 (1999)
Jane: Hyperlink Technology and the WWW - Trying on the "Coat of Copyright", 38 Intell. Property Forum, p. 14-39 (1999) (Australia)
Strowel: Introduction to intellectual Property Issues in Relation to Electronic Commerce, in: Kaestner (ed.): Legal Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in Electronic Commerce, Munich 1999, pp. 6-19
Bettinger/Greytag: Civil Law Responsability for Links, 30 IIC, 883-907 (1999)
Garrote: The linking law of the World Wide Web, 1999, (Spanish)
Köhler & Burmeister: Copyright Liability on the Internet Today in Europe (Germany, France, Italy and the EU), European Intellectual Property Review 1999, 490
Kiritsov: Can Millions of Internet Users Be Breaking the Law Every Day? An Intellectual Property Analysis of Linking and Framing and the Need for Licensing, 2000
Bendotoff, Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.: Fair Use, the First Amendment, and the Freedom to Link, 35 U.S.F. L. Rev. 83 (2000)
Strowel/Ide: Liability of Internet Intermediaries: Recent Developments and the Question of Hyperlinks, Revue Internationale du Droit d'Auteur 186 (Octobre 2000), 2-153, French version, Spanish version
Grosse Ruse: Copyright Aspects of Hyperlinking, 2000
Petteys: The Freedom to Link?: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Implicates the First Amendment in Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 25 Seattle University Law Review 287-340 (2001)
Garrote: Linking, Framing and Copyright: A Comparative Law Approach, 2001
Strowel/Ide: Liability with Regards to Hyperlinks, 24 Colum.-VLA J.L. & Arts 403 (2001)
Blocher: Austria: Responsibility of Registrars and LIability for Hyperlinks, Computer und Recht international 2001, 186-189
Benkler: Property, Commons, and the First Amendment: Towards a Core Common Infrastructure, pp. 74-76, 2001
Sableman: Link Law Revisited: Internet Linking Law at Five Years, 16 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1273 (2001), July 2002 supplement
Dogan: Infringement Once Removed: The Perils of Hyperlinking to Infringing Content, 87 Iowa Law Review 829 (2002)
Deffner: Unlawful Linking: First Amendment Doctrinal Difficulties in Cyberspace, 3 Minnesota Intellectual Property Review 111 (2002)
Garrote: Linking and Framing: A Comparative Law Approach, European Intellectual Property Review 2002, 184-198
Ott: Linking Cases Worldwide - A Comprehensive Overview, 2003
Forum des droits sur l'Internet: Hyperlinks: legal status, March 2003, French version

Hoeren in: Kilian/Heussen: Computerrechtshandbuch, Kap. 142 Rnr. 9f.
Weber in: Hilty: Information Highway, 1996, S. 553
Bechtold: Der Schutz des Anbieters von Information, ZUM 1997, S. 427-450, S. 432-435
Jung: Interview im Berliner Tagesspiegel vom 6. 4. 1997, S. 31
Ernst: Rechtliche Fragen bei der Verwendung von Hyperlinks im Internet, NJW-CoR 1997, S. 224-228
Ernst: Wirtschaftsrecht im Internet, BB 1997, S. 1057-1062
Koch: Rechte an Web-Seiten, NJW-CoR 1997, S. 298-301, S. 300-301
Koch: Grundlagen des Urheberrechtsschutzes im Internet und in Online-Diensten, GRUR 1997, S. 417-430
Bechtold: Multimedia und das Urheberrecht, S. 41-43
Strömer: Online-Recht, 1997, S. 140-142
Bortloff: Die Verantwortlichkeit von Online-Diensten, GRUR Int. 1997, S. 387-401, S. 399
Enquęte-Kommission des Bundestages Zukunft der Medien: Zweiter Zwischenbericht Neue Medien und Urheberrecht, BT-Drs. 13/8110 vom 30. 6. 1997, S. 14. Abgedruckt in: Deutscher Bundestag (Hrsg.), Neue Medien und Urheberrecht, Bonn 1997
Weinknecht: Urheberrecht im Internet, 1997
Ernst: Internet und Recht, JuS 1997, S. 776-782, S. 779
Engel-Flechsig/Maennel/Tettenborn: Das neue Informations- und Kommunikationsdienste-Gesetz, NJW 1997, S. 2981-2992, S. 2985
Hoeren: Cybermanners und Wettbewerbsrecht, WRP 1997, S. 993-998, S.995-996
Spindler: Haftungsrechtliche Grundprobleme der neuen Medien, NJW 1997, S. 3193-3199, S. 3198
Eichler/Helmers/Schneider: Link(s) - Recht(s), Beilage "Kommunikation und Recht", S. 23-26 zu BB Heft 48/1997
von Bonin/Köster: Internet im Lichte neuer Gesetze, ZUM 1997, S. 821-829, S. 823-825
Koch: Internet-Recht, 1998, S. 465-474
Koch: Neue Rechtsprobleme der Internet-Nutzung, NJW-CoR 1998, S. 45-48
Laga: Neue Techniken im World Wide Web, JurPC Web-Dok. 25/1998
Waldenberger: Teledienste, Mediendienste und die "Verantwortlichkeit" ihrer Anbieter, MMR 1998, S. 127f.
Niebler in: Loewenheim/Koch: Praxis des Online-Rechts, 1998, S. 250-260
Schack: Neue Techniken und Geistiges Eigentum, JZ 1998, 758, 760.
Bettinger/Freytag: Privatrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit für Links, CR 1998, S. 545-556
Wenning: Akteure im Internet: rechtliche Problemfelder, JurPC Web-Dok. 46/1998
Laga: Internetrecht, 1998
Marwitz: Haftung für Hyperlinks, Kommunikation und Recht 1998, S. 369-373
Spindler: Verantwortlichkeit von Diensteanbietern nach dem Vorschlag einer E-Commerce-Richtlinie, Multimedia und Recht 1999, S. 199, 204
Kochinke/Tröndle: Links, Frames und Meta-Tags, Computer und Recht 1999, S. 190-197
Brisch: EU-Richtlinienvorschlag zum elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr, Computer und Recht 1999, S. 235, 242
Wiebe: "Deep Links" - Neue Kommunikationsformen im Wettbewerb aus lauterkeitsrechtlicher Sicht, WRP 1999, 734-740
Bericht der Bundesregierung über die Erfahrungen und Entwicklungen bei den neuen Informations- und Kommunikationsdiensten im Zusammenhang mit der Umsetzung des IuKDG, BT-Drs. 14/1191 vom 18.6.1999, S. 11
Mankowski: Besondere Formen von Wettbewerbsverstößen im Internet und Internationales Wettbewerbsrecht, GRUR Int. 1999, 995-1003, 999 f.
Boddien: Links und Recht - Eigene und die Zurechnung fremder Rechtsverletzungen im Gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht bei der Verwendung von Links im Internet, in: Mitteilungen der deutschen Patentanwälte 1999, S. 401 - 411
Engels/Köster: Haftung für "werbende Links" in Online-Angeboten, MMR 1999, 522-525
Sieber: Verantwortlichkeit im Internet, 1999, S. 151-156
Sieber: Die rechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit im Internet. Grundlagen, Ziele und Auslegung von § 5 TDG und § 5 MDStV, Beilage zu MMR Heft 2/1999, S. 15ff.
von Lackum: Verantwortlichkeit der Betreiber von Suchmaschinen, MMR 1999, 691-704
Schippan: Die Harmonisierung des Urheberrechts in Europa im Zeitalter von Internet und digitaler Technologie, 1999, S. 95-100
Albert: Intellectual Property Law in cyberspace, 1999, pp. 185-196, 290-293
Völker/Lührig: Abwehr unerwünschter Inline-Links, K&R 2000, 20-29
Kiethe: Werbung im Internet, WRP 2000, 616, 620-622
Plaß: Hyperlinks im Spannungsfeld von Urheber-, Wettbewerbs- und Haftungsrecht, WRP 2000, 599-610
Spindler, E-Commerce in Europa - Die E-Commerce-Richtlinie in ihrer endgültigen Fassung, MMR-Beilage 7/2000, 4-21, 13, 20
Rieder: Copyright-Verletzungen in der Online-Kommunikation nach US-amerikanischem Recht, Köln 2000, pp. 161-175
Leupold/Demisch: Bereithalten von Musikwerken zum Abruf in digitalen Netzen, ZUM 2000, 379-390, 385-386
Schuppert: Linking Verträge, in: Spindler (Hrsg.), Vertragsrecht der Internet-Provider, 2000, pp. 605-614
Engels, Zivilrechtliche Haftung für Inhalte im World Wide Web, AfP 2000, 524 ff
Burmeister: Urheberrechtsschutz gegen Framing im Internet. Eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung des deutschen und US-amerikanischen Urheberrechts, 2000
Schuster/Müller: Entwicklung des Internet- und Multimediarechts von Januar 1999 bis Juni 2000, MMR-Beilage 10/2000, S. 1, 17-18
Schack: Urheberrechtliche Gestaltung von Webseiten unter Einsatz von Links und Frames, MMR 2001, 9-17
Gercke: "Virtuelles" Bereithalten i.S.d. § 5 TDG - Die straf- und zivilrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit bei der Einrichtung von Hyperlinks, ZUM 2001, 34-40
Keltner: Haftung für Hyperlinks am Beispiel der ersten höchstgerichtlichen Entscheidung in Österreich, 2001
Krassnigg: Wettbewerbsrechtliche Probleme bei Domains, Links und dem Search Engine-Spamming, pp. 30-57, 2001
Brunner: Die Zulässigkeit von Hyperlinks nach schweizerischem Recht, Bern 2001
Sosnitza: Das Internet im Gravitationsfeld des Rechts: Zur rechtlichen Beurteilung so genannter Deep Links, Computer und Recht 2001, pp. 693-704
Spirig: Lauterkeitsrechtliche Konflikte im Internet. Ökonomische Analyse und Rechtsvergleichung, pp. 261-315, 2001
Brunner: Die Zulässigkeit von Hyperlinks nach schweizerischem Recht. Eine Bestandesaufnahme nach Urheber-, Marken-, Lauterkeits-, Persönlichkeits- und Firmenrecht, 2001
Schardt/Lehment/Peukert: Haftung für Hyperlinks im Internet, UFITA 2001, 841-889
Dittrich: Zur Frage der urheber- und wettbewerbsrechtlichen Zulässigkeit von Hyperlinks, JurPC Web-Dok. 72/2002
Stadler, Haftung für Informationen im Internet, 2002, pp. 133-191
Stadler, Verantwortlichkeit für Hyperlinks nach der Neufassung des TKG, JurPC Dok. 2/2003
Ott: Linking und Framing - Ein Überblick über die Entwicklung im Jahre 2002, JurPC Dok. 14/2003
Krenn: Die METEO-data-Entscheidung - Hyperlinking/Framing und Urheberrecht, Vienna 2003
Schmidbauer: Die Zulässigkeit des Linkens aus urheberrechtlicher und wettbewerbsrechtlicher Sicht, JurPC Dok. 176/2003
Ott: Urheber- und wettbewerbsrechtliche Probleme von Linking and Framing, Stuttgart 2004
Ott, Die urheberrechtliche Zulässigkeit des Framing nach der BGH-Entscheidung im Fall "Paperboy", ZUM 2004, 357-367
Altenburger: Hyperlinks - Haftung für fremde Inhalte, Vienna 2004

Langlois , Le droit moral des auteurs et l'Internet, [1996] L'Internet Juridique 3 au SS2.4
Trudel: Droit du cyberespace, Montréal 1997, pp. 16-69
Fröhlich: Les notions clés du droit d'auteur ŕ l'épreuve des réseaux, Aoűt 1997
Carričre: Hypertextes et hyperliens au regard du droit d'auteur, (1997), 9-3 Les cahiers de propriété intellectuelle 467-490, Word 97, PDF
Curtelin: L'utilisation des liens hypertextes, des frames ou des meta-tags sur les sites d'entreprises commerciales, Revue de droit de l'informatique et de télécoms, 1999/3, p. 6-21
Strowel, Liaisons dangereuses et bonnes relations sur Internet: ŕ propos des hyperliens, A&M, 1998, 4
Strowel/Ide: La responsabilité des intermédiaires sur internet: Actualité et question des hyperliens, Revue Internationale du Droit d'Auteur 186 (Octobre 2000), 2-153, English version, Spanish version
Gilliéron: Les liens hypertextes et le droit privé, sic! 2000, 755
Manara: Quand le lien permet de retenir... la responsabilité, Dalloz, 2002, n° 7, pp. 643-644
Rojinsky: Sens interdit: la responabilité du créateur de lien hypertexte du fait du contenu illicite du site cible, December 2002
Thoumyre: L'usage des hyperliens: vers une liberté encadrée, May 2003
Manara: Un outil de recherce doit-il supprimer une référence ŕ un site litigieux? Dalloz 2003, No. 9
Forum des droits sur l'Internet: Hyperliens: statut juridique, March 2003, English version
Forum des droits sur l'Internet: Quelle responsabilité pour les créateurs d'hyperliens vers des contenus illicites?, October 2003
Barthe: Panoramas de presse ŕ partir de liens hypertextes, 2004

Olin: Upphovsrättsliga aspekter pĺ Internet-länkar, 2001

Intellectual Property (via Wayback Machine)

Korpela: Tekijänoikeus: vastauksia usein esitettyihin kysymyksiin (via Wayback Machine)

Garrote: Propiedad intelectual en Internet: el derecho a establecer enlaces en la w.w.w., Revista de Propiedad Intelectual, núm. 1, junio 1999, p. 67-93, (English)
Strowel/Ide: La Responsabilidad de los Intermediarios en Internet:Actualidades y Temas Acerca de las Hiperuniones, Revue Internationale du Droit d'Auteur 186 (Octobre 2000), 2-153, English version, French version
Ortega Diaz, Sitio web y enlaces en Internet. Una reflexión desde el ámbito de la propridad intelectual, Revista de Commercio Electrónico, 2003, Nr. 35

Luca-M. de Grazia: "Framing" e "Deep Link" - concetti USA e diritto italiano

Koelman: Nott buj Rb. Rotterdam 22 augustus 2000 (kranten.com), Informatierecht/AMI 2000-10, p. 207-210
Koelman: note on Vriend v. Batavus, AMI 2004, pp. 32-35

Andersen & Elverdam: Linking, 1999

Jung Sang-jo: Legal Issues in Hypertext Reference Links, 6 (2) Journal of Korea Information Law 1-21 (2002)

Cases

Dilbert Hack Page (U.S.) (inline image)
Dilbert Hack Page Archives Eckenwiler: Copyright on the Web Enhanced, Legal Times, August 19 1996, p. S29.

Shetland Times Ltd. v. Wills (Scotland) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (News.com) Information about the settlement (News.com) Connolly/Cameron: Fair Dealing in Webbed Links of Shetland Yarns, 1998 (2) JILT Ryan: Shetland Islands Showdown - the Legality of Hyperlinks and Framing Technology on the Internet, 30 Intellectual Property Forum 26-36 (1997) (Australia) 1997 Andrews Computer & Online Indus. Litig. Rep. 23534
Interim interdict = [1997] F.S.R. 604 = 1997 S.L.T. 669 = 1 Electronic Info. Policy & L. Rep. (BNA) ¶ 723 (Sess. Oct. 24, 1996) (Scot.) = GRUR Int. 1998, 723-724 (German), dismissed upon settlement (Nov. 11, 1997)

New Zealand TV v. 7am (New Zealand) (hyperlink)
Aardvark Weekly November 25 1996 Aardvark Weekly December 2 1996 Jane: Hyperlink Technology and the WWW - Trying on the "Coat of Copyright", 38 Intell. Property Forum, p. 14-39 (1999) (Australia)

IRN v. 7am (New Zeland) ("deep" hyperlink)
Aardvark Weekly December 2 1996 Information (Aardvark News)

Washington Post (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Wired)

TotalNews I (U.S.) (frame)
Information about the original conflict (Wired) Information about Personal Edition Framing (Wired) Jun: Been 'Framed? Explanation of the settlement, N.Y. Law Journal, June 20 1997
Complaint, No. 97 Civ 1190 (PKL) (S.D.N.Y. complaint filed Feb. 20, 1997), dismissed upon settlement (June 5, 1997)

Microsoft v. Ticketmaster (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (News.com) Information about the settlement (New York Times) 1997 Andrews Computer & Online Indus. Litig. Rep. 24087
Complaint, National Law Journal, May 12 1997, p. B02 (First Amended Complaint, CV 97-3055 RAP (C.D. Cal. Filed Apr. 28, 1997))

Yahoo.de v. Austro.NET (Austria) (frame)
Information (Telepolis; German)

Playboy v. Web21 (U.S.) (frame)
Stapleton: Playboy Settles Internet 'Framing' Trademark Case, Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, May 21, 1997, p. 1 Weiss: Metasites Linked To IP Violations, National Law Journal, July 21 1997, p. B09

Nottinghamshire County / JET (U.K.) (hyperlink)
Cyber-Rights & Cyber-Liberties End of the conflict (Wired) End of the conflict (News.com)
Injunction

The Times v. News Index (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (News.com) Information (ZDNet) Information (Search Engine Report)

Speedlink v. Symicron (Germany) (hyperlink)
Plaintiff's complaint (Speedlink; German)

L.A. Times / Washington Post v. Free Republic (U.S.) (frame)
Information (News.com) Information (ZDNet) Information on the District Court ruling (Salon) Information (New York Times) Tech Law Journal Archive
U.S. District Court, C.D.Cal., No. 98-7840 MMM(AJWx) preliminary ruling (November 9, 1999) Los Angeles Times v. Free Republic, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5669; 54 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) 1453; Copy. L. Rep. (CCH) P28,075 (C.D. Cal. March 31, 2000)

TotalNews II (U.S.) (frame)
Information (ZDNet)

Nando.Net v. 7am News (New Zealand) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Aardvark)

Futuredontics v. Applied Anagramic (U.S.) (frame)
Patent, Trademark & Copyright Journal (Vol. 55, No. 1364, 1998), 315 3 BNA Elec. Comm. & L. Rep. 289 (1998)
1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2265; 45 U.S.P.Q.2D (BNA) ¶ 2005 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 1998)

Steinhöfel v. Best (Germany) (hyperlink)
Bettinger/Freytag: Privatrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit für Links, CR 1998, S. 545-556 (German) Marwitz: Haftung für Hyperlinks, Kommunikation und Recht 1998, pp. 369-373
Landgericht Hamburg court decision, NJW-CoR 1998, 303 = MMR 1998, 547-548 (German)

Bernstein v. J.C. Penny, Inc. (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (N.Y. Times) Information (Techweb)
Bernstein v. J.C. Penny, Inc., 50 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1063 (C.D. Cal. 1998)

Fort Wayne Newspapers v. Ft-Wayne.com (U.S.) (framing)
Information (N.Y. Times)

Bau-markt.de v. baumarkt.de (Germany) (framing)
Landgericht Düsseldorf court decision (April 29, 1998, Az. 12 O 347/97) = MMR 1998, 670 with annotation by Heidrich = CR 1998, 763- 765 = K&R 1998, 553-555 with annotation by Gabel (German) Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf court decision, MMR 1999, 729 with annotation by Gaster = CR 2000, 184-187 with annotation by Leistner, CR 2000, 187-188 = K&R 2000, 87-90 (German)

Landgericht Frankfurt Az.: 3/12 O 173/97 (Germany) (hyperlink)
Landgericht Frankfurt/M., CR 1999, 45-47 with annotation by Kloos (German)

RIAA v. Lycos (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (CNet.com via Wayback Machine)

Hotmail (U.S.) (framing)
Information (News.com)

weyhe-aktuell.de v. weyhe-online.de (Germany) (hyperlink)
Wiebe, WRP 1999, 743-740 (German) Schmertz/Meier, 5 International Law Update 101 (1999) (available through Westlaw)
Landgericht Verden court decision (December 7, 1998, Az. 10 O 117/98) = MMR 1999, 493 = K&R 1999, 370 (German) Oberlandesgericht Celle court decision (May 12, 1999, Az. 13 U 38/99) = WRP 1999, 865 = MMR 1999, 480 with annotation by Hoffmann = CR 1999, 523 with annotation by Wiebe = MMR 1999, 480 with annotation by Hoffmann (German)

dpa v. Deutsche Telekom /Germany) (hyperlink)
Wirtschaftswoche vom 30.7.1998, S. 48 (German)

Amnesty International v. amnesty-tunesia.org (framing)
Information (New York Times, Feb 16 1999)

Symicron v. spartips.com - Telco Explorer (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information (Telepolis; German) Information (Akademie.de; German)
Landgericht Munich court decision (German) = Az. 9 HK O 850/99 vom 25.5.1999 = K&R 1999, 336

Symicron II - FTP-Explorer (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information about the preliminary injunction (Akademie.de; German)
Oberlandesgericht Munich preliminary injunction (German) = Beschluß vom 30.4.1999 6 W 1563/99 = K&R 1999, 335

Journal Gazette v. Midwest Internet Exchange (U.S.) (framing)
Information (Computer Law Strategist, via Wayback Machine) No. 98-CV0130 (N.D. Ind., filed May 4, 1998)

Scientology Church vs. Spaink, XS4All et al. (Netherlands) (hyperlink)
Information (News.com)
District Court of The Hague decision (English) Arrondissementsrechtbank Te 'S-Gravenhage decision (Dutch)

Universal Studios v. Movie-List (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (Movie-List) Information (New York Times)

IFPI v. Olsson (Sweden) (hyperlink, MP3)
Information (Spiegel; German) Information (Heise online; German) Information on the Swedish Supreme Court decision (German) Boman/Lindblom, 23 European Intellectual Property Review 2001, pp. 55-57

IFPI v. FAST Search & Transfer ASA (U.S.) (hyperlink, MP3)
Information (Wired News)

Ticketmaster v. Tickets.com (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (New York Times) Information about the ruling (San Jose Mercury News) Information about the ruling (Wired News) Information about the ruling (New York Times)
U.S. District Court, C.D. California motion, (other source), Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.Com, Inc., 54 U.S.P.Q.2d 1344 (C.D.Cal. 2000), March 27, 2000 U.S. District Court, C.D. California motion (August 10, 2000)

ASCAP v. Travelfinder.com (U.S.) (hyperlink, MP3)
Information (Wired News)

eBay v. Auctionwatch (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink, auction site)
Information (Wired News) Information (New York Times) Information (New York Times) Information (Heise; German) Information (AuctionWatch)

International Reserve, Inc. v. Tanner (U.S.)
Information (Freedom Forum, via Wayback Machine)

IFPI Belgium/Polygram Records v. Belgacom Skynet (Belgium) (hyperlink, MP3)
Strowel/Ide, Belgium: Liability for linking to illegal content, Computer und Recht International 2000, 91-92 (English)
Brussels Commercial Court cease and desist proceedings, November 2, 1999, English Version: Word, PDF; Dutch and French versions Brussels Court of Appeal decision, February 13, 2001 Word, PDF (English versions, alternate translation (Word), alternate translation (PDF))

IFPI Belgium v. Beckers (Belgium) RG 99/238320 (hyperlink, MP3)
Strowel/Ide, Belgium: Liability for linking to illegal content, Computer und Recht International 2000, 91-92 (English)
Antwerp Court of First instance summary proceedings [Prés. Civ. Anvers], December 21, 1999 Word, PDF

Landgericht Munich I 9 HK O 6873/99 (Germany) (hyperlink)
Landgericht Munich I court decision of April 22, 1999, CR 1999, 592-593 = MMR 1999, 552-553 (German)

Landgericht Lübeck (Germany) (hyperlink)
Landgericht Lübeck court decision of November 24, 1998 (Az. 11 S 4/98), CR 1999, 650-651 = MMR 1999, 686

Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc. (U.S.)
(hyperlink)

Information (defendant's website)
Information (CNN.com)
Information (New York Times)
Information (Salt Lake Tribune)
Commentary by Halvorson
Information on settlement (Salt Lake Tribune)
Bendotoff, Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.: Fair Use, the First Amendment, and the Freedom to Link, 35 U.S.F. L. Rev. 83 (2000)
Ginsburg: Copyright Use and Excuse on the Internet, 24 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 1, 9-13 (2000)

Court transcripts
Preliminary Injunction of December 6, 1999, other source, other source Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (D. Utah 1999)

DVD Copy Control Association v. McLaughlin et al. (U.S.) (hyperlink, DeCSS)
Information (New York Times) Information (EFFector 12.04) Information (CNet)
Preliminary Injunction, January 21, 2000 EFF Archive

MPAA v. NetSphere IT (Austria) (hyperlink, DeCSS)
Information (German)

DoubleClick v. Slashdot (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (Slashdot)

NARM v. Sony (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (New York Times) Information (Wired News)

Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. (U.S.) framing, "deep" hyperlink, search engine
Background information (Leslie A. Kelly)
C.D. California District Court Decision, 77 F.Supp.2d 1116 (C.D.Cal. 1999) U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit Court decision (PDF), other PDF source, other PDF source, 280 F.3d 934 (9th Cir. 2002) (later withdrawn) Final U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit Court decision, 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir., July 7, 2003)
Dang: Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.: Copyright Limitations on Technological Innovation on the Internet, 18 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L.J. 389 (2002)
EFF archive

Mattel, Inc. v. McCullagh (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (McCullagh) Information (CNN.com) Information (McCullagh's Politechbot Archive)

IFPI China v. MyWeb Inc.com ( China) (hyperlink, MP3)
Information (Computer Currents)

Microsoft v. Slashdot (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (Wired) Information (The New Republic)
Microsoft letter (Slashdot)

MP3board v. RIAA (in California) and RIAA v. MP3board (in New York) (U.S.) (hyperlink, MP3)
Information about MP3board suit (Wired) Information about MP3board suit (San Jose Mercury News) Information about MP3board suit (CNet) Information about RIAA suit (Wired) Information on LinkBlaster (San Jose Mercury News) Information on LinkBlaster (Wired)
Complaint of MP3board in the MP3board suit

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes & Corley (U.S.) (hyperlink, DeCSS)
Information (New York Times) Information (New York Times) Information (Wired) Information (Wired) Information (Salon) Information (2600) Information on the District Court decision (CNet) Information on the District Court decision (San Jose Mercury News) Information on the District Court decision I (Wired) Information on the District Court decision II (Wired) Information on the District Court decision (New York Times) Information on the District Court decision (Telepolis; German) 2600.com does not seek Supreme Court review (EFF press release, July 3, 2002)
Plaintiff's second amended complaint (PDF, HTML) and Memorandum of Law (PDF, HTML, other HTML source), April 6, 2000 (2600.com, EFF) Defendents reply brief to linking motion, (other source, (other source), supporting declarations, May 4, 2000 (EFF, Open Law) OpenLaw/DVD brief amicus curiae, May 30, 2000 Plaintiff's reply memorandum of law, (other source), June 2, 2000 (2600.com, Cryptome) S.D.N.Y. District Court decision, 111 F.Supp.2d 294 (S.D.N.Y., Aug. 17, 2000) EFF/26000 appeal, January 19, 2001 MPAA appellees brief, February 24, 2001 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decision, Nov. 28, 2001 (HTML, PDF), 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001)
2600 Archive EFF Archive Open Law Harvard Berkman Center Archive
Ginsburg: Copyright Use and Excuse on the Internet, 24 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 1, 9-13 (2000) Petteys: The Freedom to Link?: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Implicates the First Amendment in Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 25 Seattle University Law Review 287-340 (2001) Note, Second Circuit Classifies the Posting and Linking of Computer Code as Expressive Conduct Rather Than Pure Speech, 115 Harv. L. Rev. 2042 (2002)

eBay v. Bidder's Edge (U.S.) NO. C-99-21200 RMW ("deep" hyperlink, auction site)
Information (New York Times) Information (CNet) Information about court decision (New York Times) Information (Wired) Information (CNet) Information (CNet) Information on the appeal (Wired) Information on the settlement (CNet)
eBay's complaint, December 1999 Text of preliminary injunction, May 24, 2000 Brief of 28 law professors as Amici Curiae, June 2000

PCM v. kranten.com (Netherlands) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Volkskrant; Dutch) Koelman: Noot bij Rb. Rotterdam 22 augustus 2000 (kranten.com), Informatierecht/AMI 2000-10, p. 207-210 (Dutch)
Arrondissementsrechtbank te Rotterdam court decision, August 22, 2000, English versions: PDF, HTML; Dutch versions: PDF, HTML, other HTML source, other HTML source Plea note of Kranten.com (Dutch) Plea note of PCM (Dutch)

Landgericht Munich I court decision (Germany) 4 HKO 18839/98 (hyperlink)
Landgericht Munich I court decision (March 31, 2000, Az. 4 HKO 18839/98), MMR 2000, 489-490 (German)

wwj.de (Germany) ("deep" hyperlink, search engine)
Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt court decision (April 13, 2000, Az. 6 U 197/99) MMR 2000, 488-489 (German)

BMG Australia Ltd. v. S11 (Australia) (hyperlink)
Information (Newsbytes)

Münz v. Symicron (FTP-Explorer) (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information on the Landgericht Düsseldorf court decision (Heise, German)

Symicron v. Dino-Online (FTP-Explorer) (Germany) 7 HKO 12081/00 (hyperlink, search engine)
Information on the Landgericht Munich I decision (Heise, German)
Landgericht Munich I court decision, September 20, 2000: MMR 2001, 56-57 = CR 2001, 46-47

Symicron v. Fachhochschule Oldenburg (FTP-Explorer) (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information on the Landgericht Braunschweig decision (Heise, German)
Landgericht Braunschweig court decision (September 6, 2000, 9 O 188/00) CR 2001, 47-48 = NJWE-WettbR 2000, 298-299 Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig court devision (July 19, 2001, 2 U 141/00)

Haymarket v. Burmah Castrol (U.K.) (framing)
Information (The Register)

LucasFilms v. AlderaNet/NaboOnline (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (CNN.com)

Symicron (FTP-Explorer) (Germany) (hyperlink)
Landgericht Munich I court decision of May 25, 2000, MMR 2000, 566-568

Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters (Austria) 4 Ob15/00k (deep linking)
Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters decision of February 1, 2000, ecolex 2000, 439 = Medien und Recht 2000, 167 with annotation by Walter

Oberlandesgericht Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) (hyperlink)
Oberlandesgericht Schleswig-Holstein court decision of December 19, 2000

Landgericht Frankenthal (Germany) (hyperlink)
Landgericht Frankenthal court decision of November 28, 2000

Landgericht Cologne: Stepstone v. Ofir (Germany) (deep link, database directive)
Information on the preliminary injunction, December 2000 (Yahoo UK)
Landgericht Cologne affirmed preliminary injunction, February 28, 2001 Scanned version (PDF), OCR/text version (PDF) (German)

Landgericht Hamburg: Bundesliga-Manager (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information (ZDNet, German) Information (Heise, German)
Landgericht Hamburg court decision of January 2, 2001

Roche Lexikon (Germany) (framing)
Landgericht Hamburg decision (July 12, 2000, 308 O 205/00), CR 2000, 776-778 with annotation by Metzger, CR 2000, 778-779 = MMR 2000, 761 Oberlandesgericht Hamburg decision (February 22, 2001, 3 U 247/00)

Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters (Austria) 4 Ob 225/00t (hyperlink)
Preliminary Injunction, affirmed by the Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters, (local copy, PDF), December 19, 2000, (German)

Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters/Jobmonitor v. Austropersonal (Austria) 4 Ob 274/00y (hyperlink)
Austrian Supreme Court decision, December 19, 2000 (German)

Better Business Bureau (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (Wired) Information (New York Times) Information (Politechbot)

derpoet.de (Germany) (framing, database directive)
Information (Heise; German)
Landgericht Cologne court decision (May 2, 2001, 28 O 141/01)

Danish High Court (Denmark) ("deep" hyperlink)
Court decision of April 20, 2001 (English)

Havas et Cadre On Line v. Keljob (France)
(hyperlink)

Manara: Brider les liens? Sur la légalité de l'utilisation d'hyperliens. Dalloz, 2001, no. 17, pp. 1389-1391
Commentary by Diméglio, 2001 (French)

Tribunal de Commerce de Paris decision, December 26, 2000

Faktuell.de (Germany) (hyperlink)
Information (German)

BSA v. Warez.at (Austria) (hyperlink)
Information (Heise; German)

Ford Motor Co. v. 2600 Enterprises (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (2600.com) Information (Slashdot)
District Court decision, 177 F.Supp.2d 661 (E.D. Mich. 2001)

The Continuing Episcopal Church v. Griffith (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (Defendant's website)

Meteodata (Austria) (inline image, framing)
Information (ORF, German) Information (Der Standard, German) Information (ORF, German) Krenn: Die METEO-data-Entscheidung - Hyperlinking/Framing und Urheberrecht, Vienna 2003
Austrian Supreme Court decision, December 17, 2002 (German)

NRJ v. Europe 2 (France) (hyperlink)
Cour d'Appel de Paris decision (PDF), Sept. 19, 2001
Manara: Quand le lien permet de retenir... la responsabilité, Dalloz, 2002, n° 7, pp. 643-644

Scientology Church v. Google/Xenu.net (U.S.) (search engine)
Information (ZDNet) Information (Slashdot) Information (Kuro5hin) Information (Wired) Information (New York Times) Information (The Register)
Scientology cease and decist letter (Chillingeffects.org) Google's letter to Xenu.net

Starbucks v. Backwash (U.S.) (framing)
Starbucks letter to Backwash Backwash response

Danish Newspaper Publishers' Association v. Newsbooster.com (Denmark) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (Wired News) Information (Wired News) Information (Computerworld; Danish) Information (Heise; German)

DallasNews.com v. BarkingDogs.org (U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (Heise; German) Cease and desist letter (Chillingeffects.org)

Runnersworld.com v. LetsRun.com U.S.) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (LetsRun.com)

National Public Radio (U.S.) (hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (Wired News) Information (Slashdot)

Suhrkamp Verlag v. Schockwellenreiter.de (Germany) (hyperlink, weblog)
Information (Heise; German) Information (Heise; German)

KPMG v. Raettig (U.K.) (hyperlink)
Information (Wired News) Information (Raettig)

Wolke Inks & Printers v. Imaje (France) (hyperlink)
Cour d'Appel de Paris decision (PDF), Oct. 19, 2001

Mainpost v. Newsclub.de (Germany) ("deep" hyperlink)
Information (Heise; German) Information (Wired) Information (Register)
Information on the court proceedings (Newsclub; German and English)

Die Welt (Germany) (hyperlink, unfair competition)
Information (Heise; German)
Bundesgerichtshof (German Supreme Court in civil matters) decision, April 1, 2004

Altavist v. Matelsom (France)
(hyperlink)

Manara: Un outil de recherce doit-il supprimer une référence ŕ un site litigieux? Dalloz 2003, No. 9

Cour d'appel de Paris decision, May 15, 2002

Vriend v. Batavus (Netherlands) (framing)
Koelman: note, AMI 2004, pp. 32-35 (Dutch)
Court of Leeuwarden decision, October 30, 2003

Preispiraten v. Google.de (Germany) 312 O 887/03 (hyperlink, Google AdWords)
Information on the Landgericht Hamburg decision (Heise, German)

Paperboy (Germany) (deeplink)
Information (Register) Information (Heise; German)
Bundesgerichtshof (German Supreme Court in civil matters) decision, July 17, 2003, with annotations by Hoeren, GRUR 2004, 1, Stadler, JurPC Dok. 283/2003
Ott, Die urheberrechtliche Zulässigkeit des Framing nach der BGH-Entscheidung im Fall "Paperboy", ZUM 2004, 357-367

Groupe Industriel Service Info v. SA Ornis et al. (France) (hyperlink)
Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre decision, December 11, 2000

Focus (Germany) (change of hyperlink)
Oberlandesgericht Munich decision, March 15, 2002, with annotation by Dippelhofer, JurPC Do. 304/2002

Links zu Fachverbänden (Germany) (hyperlink)
Thüringer Oberlandesgericht decision, May 5, 2003

Technical Solutions

WDG: Avoiding getting 'framed'
SiteShield WebReferee (via Wayback Machine)
Bozo Filter

New Technical Developments

HTML 4.0 specification on embedded documents, inline-framing and objects
XML Linking Language (XLink) 1.0

Link Lincense Agreements

1. Articles

ABA Subcommittee on Interactive Services: Web-linking Agreements, May 1997

2. Some Examples

Sorkin, Don't Link
Ott: Examples
Aardvark's Linking Policy
Okamura Law Office Link Policy (Japanese)
Openly Informatics
Albuquerque Journal (Wired News)

Hyperlink Patents

British Telecom patent on hyperlinks
(U.S. patent no. 4,873,662)

Information (The Register)
Information (The Guardian)
Information (The Guardian)
Information (Wired)
Information (New York Times)
Information (New York Times)
Slashdot discussion
Information (Heise; German)
Information (Wired Audio Spin)
Possible invalidity of BT patent (Heise; German)
Hyperlink technology known in 1968?
BT's U.S. patent law suit (The Register)
BT's U.S. patent law suit (The Register)
BT's U.S: patent law suit (Heise; German)
Information (Wired)
Information on the summary judgement order (Register)
Information on the summary judgement order (Wired)

Text of patent (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
Initial district court ruling: British Telecommunications Inc. v. Prodigy Communications Corp., 189 F.Supp.2d 101 (S.D.N.Y., Mar. 13, 2002)
Summary Judgement Order, British Telecommunications PLC v. Prodigy Communications Corp. (S.D.N.Y., Aug. 22, 2002)

Hyperlink History

Doug Engelbart's presentation of NLS at the Stanford Research Institute in 1968: video clips 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Hypertext Theory

Links to Other Pages

FindLaw Linking and Framing
Consumer Project on Technology, Hypertext Linking Dispute Page
Schmidbauer: Linkrecht (German)
Cyberlaw Study Group (Japanese)
Hellman: Link Openly
Ott: Links and Law: German and English
Chillingeffects.org: Linking Cease and Desist Notices
Dmoz Directory

"Lawyers and interested parties have a one-stop shop now for all they need to know about the legality of links..."
Newsbytes, April 25, 2002

"A great resource for those interested in the history, opinions and law on the matter of the legality of linking..."
Slashdot, April 18, 2002

"...a - regularly updated - collection of articles and court decisions worldwide..."
Austrian Supreme Court in Civil Matters, December 2000

"...must-see Web site...amazingly comprehensive..."
New York Times, CyberLaw Journal (by Carl S. Kaplan), June 30, 2000

"...comprehensive and faithfully updated..."
Boston Globe's boston.com (by Keith Dawson), April 12, 2000 (via Wayback Machine)

"...the ultimate page on linking..."
Richard H. Stern, George Washington University Law School, November 1998

"My dear colleagues, despite prowling the Net since the gopher/WAIS predominated days of 1994, only on a handful of occasions have I stumbled across an emphatically comprehensive resource, such as this one- based overseas, which is regularly updated. A listing of on- and off-line articles written in foreign languages is presented, rivaled only by the wealth of links to American resources. Both the law and the practical aspects of linking [i.e., how to avoid being framed and how to break out of them when using non-modern browsers] are covered. The fact that this gentleman has minimized graphics in favor of text is icing on this treasure-like cake. If there's ever been a site worthy of an award, this HAS to be it!"
Pam Gaines, Attorney, Pennsylvania, August 1998 (via Wayback Machine)

And so her wish came true:
This page has been rated Top 5 of the week by VRP.

<http://www.bechtold.name/archive/lcp.html>

by Stefan Bechtold; last update: July 30, 2004